Essay on the Role of Women in Chinua Achebes Things Fall...

The Role of Women in Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart explores the struggle between old traditions within the Igbo community as well as Christianity and the second coming it brings forth. While on the surface, it appears the novel narrows its focus to a single character, Okonkno and his inner battles, one can read deeper into the text and find an array of assorted conflicts in the realm on human vs. human, human vs. nature, human vs. society, and society vs. society. For the purposes of this paper I shall focus on the labyrinth of human vs. human and human vs. society in the framework of the role of women in Igbo society and how men assign and dictate these roles. I will also briefly explain the importance†¦show more content†¦A clear instance of this is the case of Okonkwos mother. While the presence of his father, although negative, is prevalent in much of the novel, the presence of his mother is all but nonexistent. To my knowledge, his (unnamed) mother shows up only once in the text, three d ays after his participation in the ritual murder of Ikemefuna, his adopted son (Jeyifo 3). For the first time in three nights, Okonkwo slept. He woke up once in the middle of the night and his mind went back to the past three days without making him feel uneasy. He began to wonder why he felt uneasy at all. It was like a man wondering in broad daylight why a dream had appeared so terrible to him at night. He stretched himself and scratched his thigh where a mosquito had bitten him as he slept. Another one was wailing near his right ear. He slapped the ear and hoped he had killed it. Why do they always go for ones ears? When he was a child his mother had told him a story about it. But it was as silly as all womens stories. Mosquito, she had said, had asked Ear to marry him, whereupon she fell on the floor in uncontrollable laughter. How much longer do you think you will live?, she asked. You are already a skeleton. Mosquito went away humiliated, and anytime he passed her way he told Ear that he was still alive (Achebe 53). This could have been a critical turning point in the text pre-shadowed by what we were told earlier inShow MoreRelated The Role of Women in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay3614 Words   |  15 Pagesthan those of any other African writer, Chinua Achebe’s writings have helped to develop what is known as African literature today. And the single book which has helped him to launch his revolution is the classic, Things Fall Apart.   The focus of this essay includes: 1) Achebes portraiture of women in his fictional universe, the existing sociocultural situation of the period he is depicting, and the factors in it that condition male attitudes towards women; 2) the consequences of the absence ofRead MoreAchebe1599 Words   |  7 Pages Achebe’s Defense of The Ibo People in Things Fall Apart Option 1 The late Chinua Achebe is considered to be one of the most important voices in African literature. Born in colonial Nigeria in the 1930’s, Achebe joined the first wave of African writers who were determined to represent their country in a way that would truthfully depict the past and present. Before the arrival of the first wave writers, the history of pre-colonial Africa was portrayed as a place of barbarous activity. EuropeanRead MoreThings Falll Apart by Chinua Achebe1082 Words   |  4 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a story that portrays the tensions between the white Colonial Government and native-born people of Umuofia. Okonkwo, the main character, and a great village man is highly respected in the Igbo tribe of Umuofia. Although, Okonkwo is highly respected by the Igbo people, they are fearful of him because of his violent anger. When the Europeans arrived in Umuofia, they brought with them a new religion: Christianity. The Westerners changed Umuofia, dest royed traditionRead MoreThe Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1451 Words   |  6 PagesPacked with patriarchal superiority, Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart focuses on protagonist Okonkwo and his desire to live his life as a strong, masculine figure with a title worth showing off. This Nigerian novel provides an inside view of the oppression women faced in nineteenth century Igbo culture and the lengths to which men were willing to go to avoid appearing feminine. Criticizing Achebe’s novel through a feminist lens makes abundantly clear the unbalanced relationship between the sexesRead MoreGender Roles in Things Fall Apart733 Words   |  3 PagesIn Chinua Achebes novel Things Fall Apart, the Ibo society has a strict system of behavioral customs that are assigned by gender. These customs restrict the freedom of Ibo woman and help to reinforce generation after generation the notion that Ibo men are superior to women. In Achebes essay An Image of Africa: Racism in C onrads Heart of Darkness, he claims that Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, despite its insights, ought to be eradicated from literature as an appropriate piece of work onRead More Comparing and Contrasting the Role of Women in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness1129 Words   |  5 PagesRole of Women in Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness       Women were once little more than slaves to their male betters. Some women might have been respected, but their places were limited to roles as wives and mothers. They might rule a home, but were not believed intelligent enough for any other role. This chauvinistic attitude is well reflected in the novels Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, and Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad.    In Things Fall Apart, women are praisedRead MoreEssay on Gender Roles in Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe2254 Words   |  10 Pages Upon an initial reading of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, it is easy to blame the demise of Okonkwo’s life and of the Umofia community on the imperialistic invasions of the white men. After all, Okonkwo seemed to be enjoying relative peace and happiness before then. He did have a few mishaps; one of them resulted in him being exiled for eight years. Nonetheless, he returned to his home town with high spirits and with prospects of increased success. However, everything has changedRead MoreThings Fall Apart Western Ideas vs. Natives2351 Words   |  10 PagesThings Fall Apart Essay †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Many societies have beliefs rooted deep in ancient religion. Some beliefs include polygamy, polytheism, and patriarchy, or rule by men. One such culture is that of Achebes Things Fall Apart. Polytheism and polygamy are custom in the clan, and the role of each family member is very defined. The men are overly domineering. The women and children are treated poorly and often beaten. Life in Achebes Umuofia would seem very different to someone living in modern day AmericaRead More The Women of Umuofia in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essay1999 Words   |  8 PagesThe Women of Umuofia in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart    The only women respected in Umuofia are those like Chielo, the priestess of the Oracle of the Hills and Caves, who is removed from the pale of normalcy. Clothed in the mystic mantle of the divinity she serves, Chielo transforms from the ordinary; she can reprimand Okonkwo and even scream curses at him: Beware of exchanging words with Agbala [the name of the Oracle of the Hills and Caves]. Does a man speak when a God speaks? BewareRead MoreEssay on Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe3009 Words   |  13 Pageswhich writers articulate that identity. Things Fall Apart is a good novel that serves as a reminder of what Nigeria once was. It shows how a society can deal with change, how change affects the individuals of that society, and how delicate a change can be; so much so that the people themselves are surprised at the change. Things Fall Apart is an English novel by the Nigerian author Chinua Achebe which was published in 1957. Throughout the book the role of customs and traditions is very important

Essay about Homosexuality Is a Mental Illness - 1922 Words

Homosexuality Is a Mental Illness The history of gay or same sex marriages has been long in the whole world. Most of the western societies in the early time tolerated it. Astonishingly, they went to an extent of celebrating the same sex relationships and marriages. In ancient Rome, there are evidences of the same sex marriages but their proof is not clear. Same sex marriages can also be traced in medieval Europe and also the ancient Greece. There are also some other proofs of gay marriages among Africans Native Americans. There have been a lot of evidences which shows that homo sexual desire has been recorded from primordial times in the east part of the globe. This yearning is the reason behind gay unions, normally between†¦show more content†¦The age of the youth was analogous to the age at which women married, and the relationship could only exist after the consent of the father. This consent, similar to the case of a daughter marrying, was conditional on the suitors social status. Just like a marriage, the relationship consisted of very specific religious and social responsibilities. The relationship also had an erotic component (www.gay-art-history.org). In another example, Emperor Nero in the ancient Rome is said to have married two men at two different times in wedding ceremonies. Other Roman Emperors are said to have married men also. The mounting pressure of Christianity, which promoted marriage for procreative reasons, is linked with the rising intolerance of same sex relationships in Rome. Christian leaders have written about gay male to male sexual relationships since the first decades of Christianity; female to female sexual relationships was basically ignored. Throughout the most part of Christian history many church leaders and Christian denominations have viewed gay behavior as sinful and immoral. Many existing writings of the Church Fathers about same sex behavior express it as sinful. St. John Chrysostom in his fourth homily on Romans said in the fourth century that same sex relationships are far much worse than murder and so demeaning that they make up a sort of punishment in it, and that pleasure of such actions reallyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Aversion Therapy On A Person s Behavior1335 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is when a person is sexually, emotionally or romantically attracted to the same sex. For a long time it was seen as a sin, but then society started to perceive it as a mental illness that could be cured. This cure was called Aversion the rapy. Aversion Therapy is a form of psychological treatment that modifies a person’s behaviour. It involves forcing discomfort on a person when they are doing an unwanted behaviour goal is to make the individual associate the stimulus with unlikableRead MoreIs Homosexuality A Mental Disorder?1500 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality has been one of the most controversial subjects around the world for thousands of years. Being a homosexual has been seen as taboo, morally wrong, and just abnormal. Scientists have questioned the mental health status of those who proclaim themselves as being homosexual, and have even gone as far to say that homosexuality is a mental disorder. Until 1974, being homosexual was deemed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a mental illness, and classifiedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Accepted And Respected932 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality has become a significant factor among individuals in today’s societ y. Once a taboo that was never discussed, many people hid their sexual orientation. Now, homosexuality has become more common as newer generations have become more open-minded. The rise in the LGTB movement has allowed people to openly express their sexuality without being discriminated against. Although homosexuality has become more socially acceptable, some states still have anti-gay laws and there are numerous individualsRead MoreHomosexuality Is Not a Psychological Disorder Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexuality is not a psychological disorder†¦ In the past, homosexuality was considered to be a psychological disorder, up until the APA removed it from its list of mental illnesses. This was due to the fact that homosexuality causes no form of impairment on the individual’s judgment, stability, reliability, or general social and or vocational abilities. This decision made over 30 years ago, has caused a lot of criticism, many believe that the APA’s decision was made due to the amount of influenceRead MoreFreedom to Love Essays1088 Words   |  5 Pagesshould support homosexuality has become more and more controversial in recent years. Although it seems like an awkward topic to write with, I still believe people should change their opinions on homosexuals. They do nothing wrong and deserve to have the equal rights as us. 　　　　It was broadly believed that homosexuality was a kind of mental illness and could be cured if people respond well to treatment. However, nowadays homosexuality is no longer considered a form of mental illness by mainstream psychologistsRead MoreThe Diagnostic Statistical Manual For Mental Health823 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mental health field. The DSM was created to assist clinicians in diagnosing and recognizing mental illness in their clients. It has been used for over six decades and there are a total of five editions. Each edition has some updated and new information that wasn’t included in the last edition. The reason for the changes in the DSM is because the mental health field is always evolving. There’s new information that’s discovered from research and is implemented into the next DSM. All mental healthRead MoreLanguage Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesand therapists, there is a specific language used in assessing, diagno sing, and treating clients and patients. I have come to be familiar with this as my mother is a therapist and we have talked about her work and diagnosing people with a variety of mental health disorders. The problem with such language and expressing that language in a book like the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) is that it can be used against people in a way that is not healing but harmful and something that very oftenRead MoreThe Stonewall Riot of 1969830 Words   |  3 Pagesproposed â€Å"coming out† as an act of self-affirmation as well as one of defiance. In freely confronting the homophobic and oppressive landscape of society, gay men and women were rejecting the negative social implications that were tethered to homosexuality when they willingly admitted to being gay. Even while facing the risk of social and political exclusion, violence, and even jail, gay individuals were demanding acceptance for who they were, taking control over how they saw themselve s, and bravelyRead MoreHomosexual Rights: The Evolution and Causes838 Words   |  3 PagesTheres no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation. I think that whats done in private between adults doesnt concern the Criminal Code.†1 These famous words were spoken by Pierre Trudeau in December of 1967, after he proposed that homosexuality be decriminalized. He was one of the first heterosexual persons to suggest such a thing. Those words empowered homosexuals to fight back against the unfair treatment they were enduring, and to fight for their rights as human beings. It was alsoRead MoreWhy There Is Conflict Over The Dsm 51432 Words   |  6 PagesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. (DSM) The DSM has attracted controversy and criticism as well as praise since it has been used. It was first published in 1952 there have been five revisions, gradually including more mental health disorders some has been removed and are no longer considered to be mental health disorders, and the most notably being homosexuality. (DSM-11) There are many

Human Computer Interaction IT Age

Question: Discuss about theHuman Computer Interaction forIT Age. Answer: Introduction At present we are living in IT Age, Working on Computers is a regular activity for mostly all. The way of Human Computer Interaction plays a significant role in the Usability of Computers for Human Beings. HCI is a wide area of research, it aggregates a collection of semi-autonomous field of research and practices. It involves perception according to the different human conveniences and according to the cognitive centric perception Principles of .Human Computer Interaction- The major principles of Human Computer Interaction are- There should be consistency throughout in processing of the computers. There should be shortcuts for major utilities as well for the frequent used utilities too. There should be informative feedback as well guideline for processing . Design should be done with the consideration of closure of the dialog of ongoing process. Design should support simple error handling. The reversal of actions should be simple. Internal control design system should be provided. Design should be done in consideration of less memory utilization. The Software and hardware should anticipate users need and be prepared. The colours of the interface should be logically selected and consideration should be done colour blind peoples too. The elements of computer system should be easily discovered. Usability of Interface Design The usability of Computer Interface Design is the core requirement of the design of the computer Interface, technically usability comprises of the level of easiness in use, learn and operate. The user should easily full fills his/her requirement, the usability focus on the level of design, evaluation and Implementation. The major Usability guidelines to an interface design Firstly the system should inform the user about the status of the system time to time. The language, phrases, concepts and other elements of the system should match with the real wold surroundings. User can choose any function at ease and there should be direction for choosing correct function. The design should follow standards and should be consistent throughout. Message should be designed for error prevention and error control. There should be more icons and simplicity for user to learn the working of the system. There should be flexibility in design and ease of use. All the information enclosed should be relevant to the interface not other details. Help book should be provide for the convenience of the user. Our Proposed System The system should have- Simplicity and ease of use. Should follow the principles and guidelines. The Interface of Selected Hotel Site Features The site is simple. It is easy to locate elements. Colours are logically used. Search engine is good. Error messages are there. Language is simple. Conclusion The Human computer design is a wide topic, this was a simple student level approach, there is more scope of research in it. HCI is a most research field these days, it is core of advance computer design system. References HCI Institute, Human Computer Interaction from-- www.hcii.cmu.edu (Accesed on 2-12-2016) Human computer Interaction, from- www.interaction-design(Accesed on 2-12-2016) Human computer interaction, from-www.tandfonline.com (Accessed on 2-12-2016) Technopedia, what is HCI , From-www. technopedia.com (Accessed on 2-12-2016)

The Art Of Persuasion Essay Example For Students

The Art Of Persuasion Essay On the stair steps of great Rome, rested the body of the Northern star, of whose true-fixed and resting quality there is no fellow in the firmament (752-753). Being blatantly stabbed by the ones who envied his success, the great and astute Caesar lay soaked in a fountain with hundred spouts . . . pure blood surrounding his body (744). The crowds of Rome felt deprived of a leader, where hath good Caesar gone? Romans, countryman, and lovers felt outraged, baffled and distressed upon seeing great Caesars body, where hath good Caesar gone . . . The art of persuasion is a skill bestowed upon many people, as stated in the Webster Dictionary, persuasion is to induce a person to believe by appealing to reason or understanding; convince. In The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, Brutuss and Marc Antonys compelling speeches brought light upon the people of Rome. Their use of persuasive techniques and appeals enabled them to convey their validity while achieving the support of the crowd. The speeches of devoted Brutus, and faithful Antony used highly effective persuasive elements and shared many similarities. We will write a custom essay on The Art Of Persuasion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These speeches profoundly influenced the eventual outcome of the play and the welfare of the Roman society. Brutus and Antony conveyed their messages to the plebeians by using the three classical appeals: ethos, which is an appeal to credibility; pathos which is an appeal to the emotion of the audience; and logos which is an appeal to reason and logic. Brutus was faced with the duty to calm down the incredulous plebeians and to justify the callous actions taken against Caesar by the conspirators. Brutus, a powerful public orator, established his credibility by saying, Believe me for mine honor, and have respect to mine honor, that you may believe (760). He also starts out by saying that he was a Dear friend of Caesar, to him say that Brutuss love to Caesar was no less than his. . . Brutus rose against Caesar . . . loved Caesar less but that loved Rome more (760). Brutus knew that each and every Roman thought he was an honorable man and he used that to establish his credibility. Marc Antony also established his credibility in the midst of the havoc which was present due to the reactions of the crowd after Brutuss speech. As he carried Caesars corpse the crowd was in a tumult saying that Caesar was a tyrant . . . we are blest that Rome is rid of him, in order to establish his credibility Anthony addressed the crowd ingeniously by saying Friends, Roman, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him(762,762). He established his credibility in the eyes of the Romans by saying that he was not to praise Caesar (760). Both Brutus and Marc Antony utilized pathos by appealing to the emotions of the plebeians, and expressed immense passion in their speeches. Brutus used his love for Rome as justifications of his actions; he remarked that he slew best lover for the good of Rome. . . have the same dagger for myself, when it shall please my country to need my death (761). Upon saying these eloquent words the public felt that Brutus should live, live! . . . him be Caesar, Caesars better parts (761).

Why did Mexico experience an economic boom between about 1 essays

Why did Mexico experience an economic boom between about 1 essays Why did Mexico experience an economic boom between about 1940 and 1982 and why did it come to an end? The Mexican Revolution which was between 1910 and 1920 caused much disorder to the Mexican economy. The labour force experienced a huge deterioration and the population declined too. The livestock supply was used up, because many cattle were lost due to the negative effects of enemy forces. Many of the farm workers left their fields unattended because of the fighting therefore coffee and cotton went unharvested and this meant much less productivity resulting from agriculture. Transport was affected so no goods or products could be distributed. The currency was wiped out and general chaos was the order of the day. Slowly Mexico began the healing process. In the 1930s the industrial sectors such as manufacturing began to recover due to the nationalization of the railways and the petrol industry. As well as the industrial side of the country, the agricultural industry began to flourish as well. The need for urban employment rose because the home market was increasing. During World War II Mexico made much contribution, however it was mainly economic. They supplied labourers and raw materials to the USA and by the end of the war in 1945 they had doubled the value of their exports. After World War II, President Miguel Aleman Valdess(1946-52) full-scale import-substitution program stimulated output by boosting internal demand. He raised import controls on consumer goods but not on capital goods. From 1946 to 1970 the four leaders of Mexico sustained close relations with the USA which proved to be much help in getting Mexico out of its economic depression. Mexico's narrow development strategy produced continued economic growth of 3 to 4 percent and modest 3 percent inflation annually from the 1940s until the late 60s. (Reference) The domestic market would prove to be a saviour for Mexico therefore...

Personal Ethics Essay Sample

Personal Ethics Essay Sample Personal Ethics Essay As a person valuing your personal activity is one of the best ways to ensure that you are deciding the best actions that satisfy your interest as a human being. This is because having a correct decision prevents your own self from getting into undesirable actions and scenarios in the future. Personal ethics is one way of becoming a responsible person at all times. This is a process where you are always responsible for your actions and decisions that make you a better person while you value your actions to become functional in the long run. As a person, it is important to ensure that your actions and decisions benefit your interest as well as having the capacity to improve your plans in the future. Personal ethics is important because it shows how a person fully respects their decision and actions that are relevant to their professional and personal practice. Personal ethics represents how a person is always responsible for their decisions in their personal and professional affairs. As a person, the significance of allowing capabilities to become functional enhances the credibility to ensure that there is something positive that can be applied in order to elicit positive attitude and vibes with the involved party. Responsibility comes with an efficient way of delivering an action that is acceptable to other individuals. This comes with an activity that engages in a functional way of delivering thoughts of becoming a disciplined person. Showing a sense of discipline allow a person to prevent committing mistakes in the future because they are aware of the acceptable and unacceptable actions that portray interesting knowledge and skills to satisfy their goals. Personal ethics is usually affected by a person’s personality because it is where the character comes out to any situation and activity. The character of a person reflects their views and interest that conveys an important measure to determine their emotional well-being. Attitude is the main basis to identify a person’s interest by means of allowing an individual to become reliable with their practices. The personality of a person determines their personal gesture, which has been responsible for encouraging their actions to reflect their belief and activities that translate their relationship with their ethical norms and values. If a person shows a strong personality towards others, they are observed to establish a poor interpersonal relationship with other individuals. The reason behind is that their strong personality might not be compatible with other individuals with a weaker personality either at home or at work. The implications brought about by personal ethics are the ability to adjust with other individual’s attitude or character. Reflecting the character of a person reveals that they are able to know the things that are either appropriate or inappropriate. Character reference reveals a person’s personal ethics by means of detailing their attitudes by describing their personality towards other individuals. As they say, your friends act as mirrors of your personality that meticulously describe your behavior towards other individuals or groups in any circumstance. If there are issues that concern other people, they describe your personality as strong and inappropriate for other individuals. However, having a nice personality can be described by other individuals to have positive vibes over other individuals or groups to have similar intuitions and objectives with any belief of activities (Sim, 2015). Reference Sim, May (2015). â€Å"Why Confucius’ Ethics is a Virtue Ethics†, in Besser-Jones and Slote, pp. 63–76.

The Romantic Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Romantic Movement - Essay Example The lofty ideals of democracy asserted the value of individuals, regardless of class, and education. Of course, these values primarily applied to white males. In fact, tensions were building which cried out for creative release. Inequality, not equality was the rule for many, especially women and slaves. The clash of these realities with the idealistic rhetoric led writers to take extremes, championing individualism yet also seeing the darker sides of a fragmenting society (Woodlief). This is the important background within which all of the following writers worked. These writers made a lasting impact that we should all be grateful for. In the course of this essay I will briefly describe each of the following famous writers. Longfellow was one of the most famous poets of his age. He came to represent what was best about New England romanticism. One of Longfellow's main talents was romanticizing the past. He was very knowledgeable about American history and wrote poems that brought th e Revolution to life. Poems about people like Paul Revere and the poor Acadian girl Evangeline quickly became famous. He showed people the past in a way they had never seen it before, even if it was sometimes a bit sentimental. His work reached a large audience in his day. Like many Romantics, he recognized his calling from an early age, writing to his father as a boy: â€Å"I will not disguise it in the least... the fact is, I most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature, my whole soul burns most ardently after it, and every earthly thought centres in it... I am almost confident in believing, that if I can ever rise in the world it must be by the exercise of my talents in the wide field of literature† (Arvin, 13). Bryant had a very long career, but much of his work was derivative of European writers. Unlike Whitman, who was wholly original and American, much of Bryant's work has not lasted as it was not much better than some of the minor British poets of the perio d. He did however, have a fan in Edgar Allen Poe, who once wrote of his work: â€Å"The rhythmical flow, here, is even voluptuous—nothing could be more melodious. The intense melancholy which seems to well up, perforce, to the surface of all the poet's cheerful sayings about his grave, we find thrilling us to the soul—while there is the truest poetic elevation in the thrill... the impression left is one of a pleasurable sadness† (Sova, 37). Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most popular and best selling authors of her day. She made her name with a singular novel—Uncle Tom's Cabin—which has been considered one of the most influential books ever written. In keeping with Enlightenment ideals, which were very prominent at the time, Stowe took on the issue of slavery, presenting a fully formed and human African American man as her novel's main character. She drew many of her ideas from things she had observed first hand in the America of the day. Dou glass was one of the first African American men of letters. He was an excellent chronicler of black life in America and became a prominent figure in the fight against slavery. He travelled the country giving speeches and explaining how all people should be equal, as one of the most prominent orators of his age (Gatewood). One element of romanticism especially espoused by him was to end corrupt hierarchies. He believed that by nature all people were

Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace Essay

Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace - Essay Example In the case, the Government of Zanzibar had contracted with British Aerospace (supplier) in order to purchase an executive jet from the company. As part of the deal, the Government of Zanzibar entered into a separate contract with a financing company that eventually bought the plane before leasing it back to the government. However, the plane was soon found to be defective. It was returned back to British Aerospace for repair but the faults persisted even after the repair. The Government of Zanzibar immediately stopped its payments of the semiannual installments to the financing company. In order to recover their costs, the financing company (CIBC) took possession of the plane and sold it. The Government of Zanzibar then initiated an action against British Aerospace either to rescind the contract or alternatively be awarded damages under the British contract laws.Additionally, the government of Zanzibar accused the supplier (British Aerospace) of false representation in the contract for having claimed that the Jet was airworthy, reliable and without any construction or design defect. They also appealed to rescind the contract and put them back to the pre-contractual position. For example, it could be by returning plane to the Government in its original position or compensation for damages due to misrepresentation. This was particularly because the government claimed that the contract with British Aerospace is subjected to fraudulent misrepresentation (deceit).

Marketing Segmentation Essay Example for Free

Marketing Segmentation Essay Market segmentation is the process of dividing up a market into more-or-less homogenous subsets for which it is possible to create different value propositions. At the end of the process the company can decide which segment(s) it wants to serve. If it chooses, each segment can be served with a different value proposition and managed in a different way. Market segmentation processes can be used during CPM for two main purposes. They can be used to segment potential markets to identify which customers to acquire, and to cluster current customers with a view to offering differentiated value propositions supported by different relationship management strategies. In this discussion we’ll focus on the application of market segmentation processes to identify which customers to acquire. What distinguishes market segmentation for this CRM purpose is its very clear focus on customer value. The outcome of the process should be the identification of the value potential of each identified segment. Companies will want to identify and target customers that can generate profit in the future: these will be those customers that the company and its network are better placed to serve and satisfy than their competitors. Market segmentation in many companies is highly intuitive. The marketing team will develop profiles of customer groups based upon their insight and experience. This is then used to guide the development of marketing strategies across the segments. In a CRM context, market segmentation is highly data dependent. The data might be generated internally or sourced externally. Internal data from marketing, sales and finance records are ofte n enhanced with additional data from external sources such as marketing research companies, partner organizations in the company’s network and data specialists (see Figure 5.2 ). The market segmentation process can be broken down into a number of steps: 1. identify the business you are in 2. identify relevant segmentation variables 3. analyse the market using these variables 4. assess the value of the market segments 5. select target market(s) to serve. Sales forecasting: Slide #6 (p. 136-8) The second discipline that can be used for CPM is sales forecasting. One major issue commonly facing companies that conduct CPM is that the data available for clustering customers takes a historical or, at best, present day view. The data identifies those customers who have been, or presently are, important for sales, profit or other strategic reasons. If management believes the future will be the same as the past, this presents no problem. However, if the business environment is changeable, this does present a problem. Because CPMs goal is to identify those customers that will be strategically important in the future, sales forecasting can be a useful discipline. Sales forecasting, some pessimists argue, is a waste of time, because the business environment is rapidly changing and unpredictable. Major world events such as terrorist attacks, war, drought and market-based changes, such as new products from competitors or high visibility promotional campaigns, can make any sales forecas ts invalid. There are a number of sales forecasting techniques that can be applied, providing useful information for CPM. These techniques, which fall into three major groups, are appropriate for different circumstances. ââ€"  qualitative methods: customer surveys sales team estimates ââ€"  time-series methods: moving average exponential smoothing time-series decomposition ââ€"  causal methods: leading indicators regression models. Qualitative methods are probably the most widely used forecasting methods. Customer surveys ask consumers or purchasing officers to give an opinion on what they are likely to buy in the forecasting period. This makes sense when customers forward-plan their purchasing. Data can be obtained by inserting a question into a customer satisfaction survey. For example, ‘In the next six months are you likely to buy more, the same or less from us than in the  current period? ’ And, ‘If more, or less, what volume do you expect to buy from us? ’ Sometimes, third party organizations such as industry associations or trans-industry groups such as the Chamber of Commerce or the Institute of Directors collect data that indicate future buying intentions or proxies for intention, such as business confidence. Sales team estimates can be useful when salespeople have built close relationships with their customers. A key account management team might be well placed to generate s everal individual forecasts from the team membership. These can be averaged or weighted in some way that reflects the estimator’s closeness to the customer. Account managers for Dyno Nobel, a supplier of commercial explosives for the mining and quarrying industries, are so close to their customers that they are able to forecast sales two to three years ahead. Operational CRM systems support the qualitative sales forecasting methods, in particular sales team estimates. The CRM system takes into account the value of the sale, the probability of closing the sale and the anticipated period to closure. Many CRM systems also allow management to adjust the estimates of their sales team members, to allow for overly optimistic or pessimistic salespeople. Time-series approaches take historical data and extrapolate them forward in a linear or curvilinear trend. This approach makes sense when there are historical sales data, and the assumption can be safely made that the future will reflect the past. The moving average method is the simplest of these. This takes sales in a number of previous periods and averages them. The averaging process reduces o r eliminates random variation. The moving average is computed on successive periods of data, moving on one period at a time, as in Figure 5.10 . Moving averages based on different periods can be calculated on historic data to generate an accurate method. A variation is to weight the more recent periods more heavily. The rationale is that more recent periods are better predictors. In producing  an estimate for year 2009 in Figure 5.10 , one could weight the previous four years’ sales performance by 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1, respectively, to reach an estimate. This would generate a forecast of 5461. This approach is called exponential smoothing. The decomposition method is applied when there is evidence of cyclical or seasonal patterns in the historical data. The method attempts to separate out four components of the time series: trend factor,  cyclical factor, seasonal factor and random factor. The trend factor is the longterm direction of the trend after the other three elements are removed. The cyclical factor represents regular long-term recurrent influences on sales; seasonal influences generally occur within annual cycles. It is sometimes possible to predict sales using leading indicators. A leading indicator is some contemporary activity or event that indicates that another activity or event will happen in the future. At a macro level, for example, housing starts are good predictors of future sales of kitchen furniture. At a micro level, when a credit card customer calls into a contact centre to ask about the current rate of interest, this is a strong indicator that the customer will switch to another supplier in the future. Regression models work by employing data on a number of predictor variables to estimate future demand. The variable being predicted is called the dependent variable; the variables being used as predictors are called independent variables. For example, if you wanted to predict demand for cars (the dependent variable) you might use data on population size, average disposable income, average car price for the category being predicted and average fuel price (the independent variables). The regression equation can be tested and validated on historical data before being adopted. New predictor variables can be substituted or added to see if they improve the accuracy of the forecast. This can be a useful approach for predicting demand from a segment. Activity-Based Costing: Slide #7 (p. 138-40) Customer Acquisition costs Terms of Trade Customer service costs Working capital costs Activity-based costing The third discipline that is useful for CPM is activity-based costing. Many companies, particularly those in a B2B context, can trace revenues to customers. In a B2C environment, it is usually only possible to trace revenues to identifiable customers if the company operates a billing system requiring customer details, or a membership scheme such as a customer club, store-card or a loyalty programme. In a B2B context, revenues can be tracked in the sales and accounts databases. Costs are an entirely different matter. Because the goal of CPM is to cluster customers according to their strategic value, it is desirable to be able to identify which customers are, or will be, profitable. Clearly, if a company is to understand customer profitability, it has to be able to trace costs, as well as revenues, to customers. Costs do vary from customer to customer. Some customers are very costly to acquire and serve, others are not. There can be considerable variance across the customer base within several categories of cost: ââ€"  customer acquisition costs : some customers require considerable sales effort to move them from prospect to fi rst-time customer status: more sales calls, visits to reference customer sites, free samples, engineering advice, guarantees that switching costs will be met by the vendor ââ€"  terms of trade : price discounts, advertising and promotion support, slotting allowances (cash paid to retailers for shelf space), extended invoice due dates ââ€"  customer service costs : han dling queries, claims and complaints, demands on salespeople and contact centre, small order sizes, high order frequency, just-in-time delivery, part load shipments, breaking bulk for delivery to multiple sites ââ€"  working capital costs : carrying inventory for the customer, cost of credit. Traditional product-based or general ledger costing systems do not provide this type of detail, and do not enable companies to estimate customer profitability. Product costing systems track material, labour and energy costs to products, often comparing actual to standard costs. They do not, however, cover the customer-facing activities of marketing, sales and service. General ledger costing systems do track costs across all parts of the business, but are normally too highly aggregated to establish which customers or segments are responsible for generating those costs. Activity-based costing (ABC) is an approach to costing that splits costs into two groups: volume-based costs and order-related costs. Volume based (product-related) costs are variable against the size of the order, but fixed per unit for any order and any customer. Material and direct labour costs are examples. Order-related (customer-related) costs vary according to the product and process requirements of each particular customer. Imagine two retail customers, each purchasing the same volumes of product from a manufacturer. Customer 1 makes no product or process demands. The sales revenue is $5000; the gross margin for the vendor is $1000. Customer 2 is a different story: customized  product, special overprinted outer packaging, just-in-time delivery to three sites, provision of point-of-sale material, sale or return conditions and discounted price. Not only that, but Customer 2 spends a lot of time agreeing these terms and conditions with a salesperson who has had to call three times before closing the sale. The sales revenue is $5000, but after accounting for product and process costs to meet the demands of this particular customer, the margin retained by the vendor is $250. Other things being equal, Customer 1 is four times as valuable as Customer 2. Whereas conventional cost accounti ng practices report what was spent, ABC reports what the money was spent doing. Whereas the conventional general ledger approach to costing identifies resource costs such as payroll, equipment and materials, the ABC approach shows what was being done when these costs were incurred. Figure 5.11 shows how an ABC view of costs in an insurance company’s claims processing department gives an entirely different picture to the traditional view. ABC gives the manager of the claims-processing department a much clearer idea of which activities create cost. The next question from a CPM perspective is ‘ which customers create the activity? ’ Put another way, which customers are the cost drivers? If you were to examine the activity cost item ‘ Analyse claims: $121 000 ’ , and find that 80 per cent of the claims were made by drivers under the age of 20, you’d have a clear understanding of the customer group that was creating that activity cost for the business. CRM needs ABC because of its overriding goal of generating profitable relationships with customers. Unless there is a costing system in place to trace costs to customers, CRM will find it very difficult to deliver on a promise of improved customer profitability. Overall, ABC serves customer portfolio management in a number of ways: 1. when combined with revenue figures, it tells you the absolute and relative levels of profit generated by eac h customer, segment or cohort 2. it guides you towards actions that can be taken to return customers to profit 3. it helps prioritize and direct customer acquisition, retention and development strategies 4. it helps establish whether customization and other forms of value creation for customers pay off. ABC sometimes justifies management’s confidence in the Pareto principle, otherwise known as the 80:20 rule. This rule suggests that  80 per cent of profits come from 20 per cent of customers. ABC tells you which customers fall into the important 20 per cent. Research generally supports the 80: 0 rule. For example, one report from Coopers and Lybrand found that, in the retail industry, the top 4 per cent of customers account for 29 per cent of profits, the next 26 per cent of customers account for 55 per cent of profits and the remaining 70 per cent account for only 16 per cent of profits. Lifetime Value Estimation: Slide# 8 (p. 141-2) The fourth discipline that can be used for CPM is customer lifetime value (LTV) estimation, which was first introduced in Chapter 2. LTV is measured by computing the present day value of all net margins (gross margins less cost-to-serve) earned from a relationship with a customer, segment or cohort. LTV estimates provide important insights that guide companies in their customer management strategies. Clearly, companies want to protect and ring-fence their relationships with customers, segments or cohorts that will generate significant amounts of profit. Sunil Gupta and Donald Lehmann suggest that customer lifetime value can be computed as follows: Application of this formula means that you do not have to estimate customer tenure. As customer retention rate rises there is an automatic lift in customer tenure, as shown in Table 2.2 in Chapter 2. This formula can be adjusted to consider change in both future margins and retention rates either up or down, as described in Gupta and Lehmann’s book Managing Customers as Investments. The table can be used to assess the impact of a number of customer management strategies: what would be the impact of reducing cost-toserve by shifting customers to low-cost self-serve channels? What would be the result of cross-selling higher margin products? What would be the outcome of a loyalty programme designed to increase retention rate from 80 to 82 per cent? An important additional benefit of this LTV calculation is that it enables you to estimate a company’s value. For example, it has been computed that the LTV of the average US-based American Airlines customer is $166.94. American Airlines has 43.7 million such customers, yielding an estimated company value of $7.3 billion. Roland Rust and his co-researchers noted that, given the absence of international  passengers and freight considerations from this computation, it was remarkably close to the company’s market capitalization at the time their research was undertaken. Clustering (144): slide #9 Clustering techniques are used to find naturally occurring groupings within a dataset. As applied to customer data, these techniques generally function as follows: 1. Each customer is allocated to just one group. The customer possesses attributes that are more closely associated with that group than any other group. 2. Each group is relatively homogenous. 3. The groups collectively are very different from each other. In other words, clustering techniques generally try to maximize both within-group homogeneity and between-group heterogeneity. There are a number of clustering techniques, including CART (classification and regression trees) and CHAID (chi-square automatic interaction detection).7 Once statistically homogenous clusters have been formed they need to be interpreted. CRM strategists are often interested in the future behaviours of a customer: segment, cohort or individual. Customers ’ potential value is determined by their propensity to buy products in the future. Data miners can build predictive models by examining patterns and relationships within historic data. Predictive models can be generated to identify: 1. Which customer, segment or cohort is most likely to buy a given product? 2. Which customers are likely to default on payment? 3. Which customers are most likely to defect (churn)? Data analysts scour historic data looking for predictor and outcome variables. Then a model is built and validated on these historic data. When the model seems to work well on the historic data, it is run on contemporary data, where the predictor data are known but the outcome data are not. This is known as ‘ scoring ’ . Scores are answers to questions such as the propensity-to-buy, default and churn questions listed above. Predictive modelling is based on three assumptions, each of which may be true to a greater or lesser extent: 1. The past is a good predictor of the future †¦ BUT this may not be true. Sales of many products are cyclical or seasonal. Others have fashion or fad lifecycles. 2. The data are available †¦ BUT this may not be true. Data used to train the model may no longer be collected. Data may be too costly to collect, or may be in the wrong format. 3. Customer-related databases contain what you want to predict †¦ BUT this may not be true. The data may not be available. If you want to predict which customers are most likely to buy mortgage protection insurance, and you only have data on life policies, you will not be able to answer the question. Two tools that are used for predicting future behaviours are decision trees and neural networks. Decision trees (145): slide #9 Decision trees are so called because the graphical model output has the appearance of a branch structure. Decision trees work by analyzing a dataset to find the independent variable that, when used to split the population, results in nodes that are most different from each other with respect to the variable you are tying to predict. Figure 5.12 contains a set of data about five customers and their credit risk profile. We want to use the data in four of the fi ve columns to predict the risk rating in the fifth column. A decision tree can be constructed for this purpose. In decision tree analysis, Risk is in the ‘ dependent ’ column. This is also known as the target variable. The other four columns are independent columns. It is unlikely that the customer’s name is a predictor of Risk, so we will use the three other pieces of data as independent variables: debt, income and marital status. In the example, each of these is a simple categorical item, each of which only has two possible values (high or low; yes or no). The data from Figure 5.12 are represented in a different form in Figure 5.13 , in a way which lets you see which independent variable is best at predicting risk. As you examine the data, you will see that the best split is income (four instances highlighted in bold on the diagonal: two high income/good risk plus two low income/poor risk). Debt and marital status each s core three on their diagonals. Once a node is split, the same process is performed on each successive node, either until no further splits are possible or until you have reached a managerially useful model. The graphical output of this decision tree analysis is shown in Figure 5.14 . Each box is a node. Nodes are linked by branches. The top node is the root node. The data from the root node is split into two groups based on income. The right-hand, low income box, does not split any further because both low income customers are classified as poor credit risks. The left-hand, high-income box does split further, into married and not married customers. Neither of these split further because the one unmarried customer is a poor credit risk and the two remaining married customers are good credit risks. As a result of this process the company knows that customers who have the lowest credit risk will be high income and married. They will also note that debt, one of the variables inserted into the training model, did not perform well. It is not a predictor of creditworthiness. Decision trees that work with categorical data such as these are known as classification trees. When decision trees are applied to continuous data they are known as regression trees. Neural Networks (147): slide #9 Neural networks are another way of fitting a model to existing data for prediction purposes. The expression ‘ neural network ’ has its origins in the work of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Researchers in this field have tried to learn from the natural neural networks of living creatures. Neural networks can produce excellent predictions from large and complex datasets containing hundreds of interactive predictor variables, but the neural networks are neither easy to understand nor straightforward to use. Neural networks represent complex mathematical equations, with many summations, exponential functions and parameters. Like decision trees and clustering techniques, neural networks need to be trained to recognize patterns on sample datasets. Once trained, they can be used to predict customer behaviour from new data. They work well when there are many potential predictor variables, some of which are redundant. Case 5.2 Customer portfolio management at Tesco Tesco, the largest and most successful supermarket chain in the UK, has developed a CRM strategy that is the envy of many of its competitors. Principally a food retailer in a mature market that has grown little in the  last 20 years, Tesco realized that the only route to growth was taking market share from competitors. Consequently, the development of a CRM strategy was seen as imperative. In developing its CRM strategy, Tesco first analysed its customer base. It found that the top 100 customers were worth the same as the bottom 4000. It also found that the bottom 25 per cent of customers represented only 2 per cent of sales, and that the top 5 per cent of customers were responsible for 20 per cent of sales. The results of this analysis were used to segment Tesco’s customers and to develop its successful loyalty programmes. SWOT and PESTE (p. 154-5): slide# 10 SWOT is an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis explores the internal environment (S and W) and the external environment (O and T) of a strategic business unit. The internal (SW) audit looks for strengths and weaknesses in the business functions of sales, marketing, manufacturing or operations, finance and people management. It then looks cross-functionally for strengths and weaknesses in, for example, cross-functional processes (such as new product development) and organizational culture. The external (OT) audit analyses the macro- and micro-environments in which the customer operates. The macro-environment includes a number of broad conditions that might impact on a company. These conditions are identified by a PESTE analysis. PESTE is an acronym for political, economic, social, technological and environmental conditions. An analysis would try to pick out major conditions that impact on a business, as illustrated below: political environment : demand for international air travel contracted as worldwide political stability was reduced after September 11, 2001 economic environment : demand for mortgages falls when the economy enters recession. social environment : as a population ages, demand for healthcare and residential homes increase technological environment : as more households become owners of computers, demand for Internet banking increases environmental conditions : as customers become  more concerned about environmental quality, demand for more energy efficient products increases. The micro environmental part of the external (OT) audit examines relationships between a company and its immediate external stakeholders: customers, suppliers, business partners and investors. A CRM-oriented SWOT analysis would be searching for customers or potential customers that emerge well from the analysis. Th ese would be customers that: 1. possess relevant strengths to exploit the opportunities open to them 2. are overcoming weaknesses by partnering with other organizations to take advantage of opportunities 3. are investing in turning around the company to exploit the opportunities 4. are responding to external threats in their current markets by exploiting their strengths for diversification. Five forces The five-forces analysis was developed by Michael Porter. 17 He claimed that the profitability of an industry, as measured by its return on capital employed relative to its cost of capital, was determined by five sources of competitive pressure. These five sources include three horizontal and two vertical conditions. The horizontal conditions are: competition within the established businesses in the market competition from potential new entrants competition from potential substitutes. The vertical conditions reflect supply and demand chain considerations: the bargaining power of buyers  the bargaining power of suppliers.  Porter’s basic premise is that competitors in an industry will be more profitable if these five conditions are benign. For example, if buyers are very powerful, they can demand high levels of service and low prices, thus negatively influencing the profitability of the supplier. However, if barriers to entry are high, say because of large capital requirements or dominance of the market by very powerful brands, then current players will be relatively immune from new entrants and enjoy the possibility of better profits. Why would a CRM-strategist be interested in a five-forces evaluation of customers? Fundamentally, a financially healthy customer offers better potential for a supplier than a customer in financial  distress. The analysis points to different CRM solutions: 1. Customers in a profitable industry are more likely to be stable for the near-term, and are better placed to invest in opportunities for the future. They therefore have stronger value potential. These are customers with whom a supplier would want to build an exclusive and well-protected relationship. 2. Customers in a stressed industry might be looking for reduced cost inputs from its suppliers, or for other ways that they can add value to their offer to their own customers. A CRM-oriented supplier would be trying to find ways to serve this customer more effectively, perhaps by stripping out elements of the value proposition that are not critical, or by adding elements that enable the customer to compete more strongly. Strategically Significant Customers (157) slide #11 The goal of this entire analytical process is to cluster customers into groups so that differentiated value propositions and relationship management strategies can be applied. One outcome will be the identification of customers that will be strategically significant for the company’s future. We call these strategically significant customers (SSCs). There are several classes of SSC, as follows: 1. High future lifetime value customers : these customers will contribute significantly to the company’s profitability in the future. 2. High volume customers : these customers might not generate much profit, but they are strategically significant because of their absorption of fixed costs, and the economies of scale they generate to keep unit costs low. 3. Benchmark customers : these are customers that other customers follow. For example, Nippon Conlux supplies the hardware and software for Coca Cola’s vending operation. While they might not make much margin from that rela tionship, it has allowed them to gain access to many other markets. ‘ If we are good enough for Coke, we are good enough for you ’ , is the implied promise. Some IT companies create ‘ reference sites ’ at some of their more demanding customers. 4. Inspirations : these are customers who bring about improvement in the supplier’s business. They may identify new applications for a product, product improvements, or opportunities for cost reductions. They may complain loudly and make unreasonable demands, but in doing so, force change for the better. 5. Door  openers : these are customers that allow the supplier to gain access to a new market. This may be done for no initial profit, but with a view to proving credentials for further expansion. This may be particularly important if crossing cultural boundaries, say between west and east. One company, a Scandinavian processor of timber, has identified five major customer groups that are strategically signi ficant, as in Figure 5.22 . The Seven Core Customer Management Strategies (158-9) slide # 12 This sort of analysis pays off when it helps companies develop and implement differentiated CRM strategies for clusters of customers in the portfolio. There are several core customer management strategies: 1. Protect the relationship : this makes sense when the customer is strategically significant and attractive to competitors. We discuss the creation of exit barriers in our review of customer retention strategies in Chapter 9. 2. Re-engineer the relationship : in this case, the customer is currently unprofitable or less profitable than desired. However, the customer could be converted to profit if costs were trimmed from the relationship. This might mean reducing or automating service levels, or servicing customers through lower cost channels. In the banking industry, transaction processing costs, as a multiple of online processing costs are as follows. If Internet transaction processing has a unit cost of 1, an in-bank teller transaction costs 120 units, an ATM transaction costs 40, telephone costs 30 and PC banking costs 20. In other words, it is 120 times more expensive to conduct an in-bank transaction than the identical online transaction. Cost-reduction programmes have motivated banks to migrate their customers, or at least some segments of customers, to other lower cost channels. An Australian electricity company has found that its average annual margin per customer is $60. It costs $13 to serve a c ustomer who pays by credit card, but only 64 cents to service a direct debit customer. Each customer moved to the lower cost channel therefore produces a transaction cost saving of more than $12, which increases the average customer value by 20 per cent. Re-engineering a relationship requires a clear understanding of the activities that create costs in the relationship (see Case 5.3). 3. Enhance the relationship : like  the strategy above, the goal is to migrate the customer up the value ladder. In this case it is done not by re-engineering the relationship, but by increasing your share of customer spend on the category, and by identifying up-selling and cross-selling opportunities. 4. Harvest the relationship : when your share of wallet is stable, and you do not want to invest more resources in customer development, you may feel that the customer has reached maximum value. Under these conditions you may wish to harvest, that is, optimize cash flow from the customer with a view to using the cash generated to develop other customers. This may be particularly appealing if the customer is in a declining market, has a high cost-to-serve or has a high propensity-to-switch to competitors. 5. End the relationship : sacking customers is ge nerally anathema to sales and marketing people. However, when the customer shows no sign of making a significant contribution in the future it may be the best option.You can read about strategies for sacking customers in Chapter 9. 6. Win back the customer : sometimes customers take some or all of their business to other suppliers. If they are not strategically signifi cant, it may make sense to let them go. However, when the customer is important, you may need to develop and implement win back strategies. The starting point must be to understand why they took their business away. 7. Start a relationship : you’ve identified a prospect as having potential strategic significance for the future. You need to develop an acquisition plan to recruit the customer onto the value ladder. You can read about customer acquisition strategies in Chapter 8.

The Activation Energy of Bromide ion and Bromate ion :: Chemical Reactions Reaction Rates Essays

The Activation Energy of Bromide ion and Bromate ion To Determine the Activation Energy of the Reaction between Bromide ion and Bromate (V) ion in Acid Solution Objectives: By reacting Potassium Bromide and Potassium Bromate in the acid solution in varies temperature, we can then determine the Activation Energy of the reaction in different temperature through the equation:[IMAGE]. Questions: 1. Give an equation for the reaction between phenol and bromine. 2. What is the use of methyl orange in this experiment? The methyl orange is used as an indicator for the reaction. Bromine will be produces during the reaction and it will react with phenol rapidly. Once all the phenol is used up, further bromine produced will bleach the methyl orange immediately. So the rate of the reaction can be calculated from the time for the indicator to be decolorized. 3. Based on your results, is it advisable to perform the experiment at high temperatures such as 80à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™? From the above results, the time of the reaction is shorter as the experiment temperature increase. So it is not advisable to perform the experiment at high temperatures as the time of reaction is too short, it is not easy for us to record. 4. Why is it not necessary to know how far the reaction has proceeded at the point where the methyl red is decolourized? In the experiment, the number of mole and the molarity of each chemicals used are the same. And the appearance of the pink colour only determines that there are some content of the reaction has processed. As the result, it is only necessary for us to compare the time required for the reaction mixture to reach the point the decolourization occurs at different temperature. 5. The Arrhenius equation can be represented as: (a) Can substitute k in this equation? Why? Can substitute k in this equation. As in the above experiment, the initial rate can be represented by due to the constant concentration of the reactants. Also the rate constant k is proportional to the rate of the reaction when the temperature changes.

Institution

Institutions are establishments or organizations that contain individuals as a mechanism to maintain control and a secure environment. However, the institution can restrict to an extent of an individual's experience and liberty of the world, resulting in conflict against the institution. Though many individuals apply themselves towards the institution with the nature of compliance, other individuals may be restricted therefore behaving in a conflicting fashion towards the institution.This is demonstrated through Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by concentrating the audience’s attention to the social inequality in Maycomb representing the communities institution. Similarly within Suzanne Collin’s novel â€Å"The Hunger Games†, the institutional government is illustrated and is explored through the situations face by the individuals contained in it. Furthermore, institutional confinements elaborate the hierarchical structure enhancing or limi ting an individual within the system.As represented in Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, a nature of compliance and defiance is evident within the town of Maycomb. Evaluating on this, the protagonist ‘Atticus’ depicts elements of defiance by resisting to the social means that are accustomed to in the community. Accounting for the institution’s behaviour of containment, people at the top of the institution have the ability of corruption. This is best demonstrated in the court scene where the racist views of the white residents of Maycomb are juxtaposed with Atticus Finch’s desire to represent a black client.The injustice that is present in Maycomb, is best addressed as Atticus challenges the jury to â€Å"do their duty, in the name of God†, as they decide whether Tom Robinson is guilty, despite the fact that there is no â€Å"probable cause† for supposedly raping Mayella Ewell, a white woman. This empathetic challenge by Atticus acts as the voice of reason against the racist, regressive elements of â€Å"southern† culture in the 1930’s. The institution, the town of Maycomb has been operating in a corrupt manner by segregated black and white communities within Maycomb.This segregation is again demonstrated in the court some exchanges, as the black citizen must stand in the stalls, whilst â€Å"white folk† cans sit on the same level as the judge and other court officials. In addition, Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"The Hunger Games† illustrates the nature of a governmental institution and how individuals are able to adapt or resist to the establishment. Within the novel, the protagonist Katniss Everdeen is elected to compete in the annual ‘Hunger Games’ a brutal competition containing individuals to signify the former defiance from the past districts.Through the protagonist’s portrayal of defiance, it is evident that one’s institutional thinking u ndergoes transformation, furthermore granting ability of opinion and greatly influencing an individual’s extent of restriction within the institution. This is supported through the statement of a participant of the games, â€Å"if I am going to die, I still want to be me†. Suzanne Collin uses this to express the emotions of a character experiencing the effects the institution, depicting the individuals as a tool or equipment used for manipulation and subsequently dehumanizing the individual.Conversely, within â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the corrupted institution relies more on the community to progressively change people’s perspective rather than utilising threats. This is shown through the underlying nature of the public on how to behave within the town of Maycomb. Throughout the scene of the confrontation of Atticus Finch outside the town’s jail, the community’s men arise to form a mob creating a single identity. However, when the protago nist Atticus directs him individually towards a man, the man is shown to be contextually righteous and was only conforming to the society’s standards.This proposes the argument whether an institution is built on corruption demonstrated in â€Å"The Hunger Games† or is built on manipulation demonstrated in â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†. Evaluating on the manner of both characteristics of each institution it is evident that they share common aspects. Throughout both texts it is apparent that institutional thinking and institutional behaviours derive from the different social rankings that individuals subconsciously acquire.

Sheet Metal Design Site Map

Sheet Metal Design Site Map Preface Using This Product More Information What's New? Getting Started Entering the Workbench Defining the Parameters Creating the First Wall Creating the Side Walls Creating a Cutout Creating Automatic Bends Unfolding the Part Extracting Drawings Basic Tasks Managing the Default Parameters Editing the Parameters Bend Extremities Bend Corner Relief Bend Allowance Creating Walls From an Existing Solid From a Sketch Tangent Walls From an Edge Extruding Isolating Walls Creating Rolled Walls Creating Bends Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugsm. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Bends from Walls Automatic Bends Conical Bends Bends From Line Creating Swept Walls Creating a Flange Creating a Hem Creating a Tear Drop Creating a Swept Flange Redefining Swept Walls Limits Displaying Swept Walls Axes Unfolding Folded/Unfolded View Access Concurrent Access Creating a Cutout Stamping Standard Features Point Stamp Extruded Hole Curve Stamp Surface Stamp Bridge Louver Stiffness Rib Creating User-defined Stamping Features Punch and Matrix Opening and Cutting faces Editing User-Defined Stamps Patterning Site Map ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Rectangular Patterns Circular Patterns User-Defined Patterns Corner Relief Redefining a Corner Relief Creating a Local Corner Relief Creating Corners Creating Chamfers Mapping Elements Saving As DXF Reference Elements Advanced Tasks Integration with Part Design Designing in Context Designing†¦ Modifying†¦ PowerCopies Management Creating PowerCopies Instantiating PowerCopies Saving PowerCopies Looking For Sheet Metal Features Workbench Description Menu Bar Sheet Metal Toolbar Constraints ToolbarReference Elements Toolbar Specification Tree Customizing Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Glossary Index Site Map http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish /sheug. doc/src/sheugsm. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:18 PM] Preface The V5 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design is a new generation product offering an intuitive and flexible user interface. It provides an associative feature-based modeling making it possible to design sheet metal parts in concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation.V5R7 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design offers the following main functions: Associative and dedicated Sheet Metal feature based modeling Concurrent engineering between the unfolded or folded part representation Access to company defined standards tables Dedicated drawing capability including unfolded view and specific settings. All sheetmetal specifications can be re-used by the CATIA – Knowledge Advisor to capture corporate knowledge and increase the quality of designs. Natively integrated, CATIA – Sheet Metal Design offers the same ease of use and user interface consistency as all CATIA V5 applications.As a sca lable product, CATIA Version 5 Sheet Metal Design can be used in cooperation with other current or future companion products in the next CATIA generation such as CATIA Version 5 Assembly Design and CATIA Version 5 Generative Drafting. The widest application portfolio in the industry is also accessible through interoperability with CATIA Solutions Version 4 to enable support of the full product development process from initial concept to product in operation. Using This Product More Information Preface http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr01. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Using This ProductThis guide is intended for the user who needs to become quickly familiar with the CATIA Version 5 Sheet Metal Design product. The user should be familiar with basic Version 5 concepts such as document windows, standard and view toolbars. To get the most out of this guide, we suggest you start reading and performing the step-by-step tutorial â€Å"Getting Started†. The next s ections deal with the handling of more detailed capabilities of the product. Using This Product http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr03. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Where to Find More InformationPrior to reading this book, we recommend that you read the Infrastructure User's Guide. The Part Design User's Guide, the Assembly Design User's Guide and the Generative Drafting User's Guide may prove useful. Finally, you can read the Sheet Metal Production User's Guide to find out more about that product and to fully use the interoperability between the two products. Conventions More Information http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugpr04. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] What's New? This table identifies what new or improved capabilities have been documented in Version 5 Release 8 of the Sheet Metal Design workbench.Basic Tasks New: Creating chamfers New: Displaying swept wall axes New: Saving as DXF Enhanced: Creating walls from an existing Part Enhanced: Cre ating walls from an edge Enhanced: Extruding Enhanced: Defining bend extremities when manually creating bends from walls or automatically creating them Enhanced: Stamping Enhanced: User interface of user-defined stamping features (punch and die and cut-out and opening faces). Enhanced: Choice of convex/concave edges when creating corners Enhanced: Mapping elements Advanced Tasks Enhanced: Creating PowerCopy Features Enhanced: Instantiating PowerCopy FeaturesWhat's New? http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugwn. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Getting Started Before getting into the detailed instructions for using Version 5 CATIA – Sheet Metal Design, the following tutorial provides a step-by-step scenario demonstrating how to use key functionalities. The main tasks proposed in this section are: Entering the Workbench Defining the Parameters Creating the First Wall Creating the Side Walls Creating a Cutout Creating Automatic Bends Unfolding the Part Extracting Drawi ngs All together, these tasks should take about 15 minutes to complete. Getting Started ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs01. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:19 PM] Entering the Sheet Metal Workbench The Sheet Metal Design functions are available when you are in the Part environment. Several functions are integrated from the Part Design workbench. This task shows how to enter the workbench. Choose the Mechanical Design -> Sheet Metal Design item from the Start menu. The Sheet Metal toolbar is displayed and ready to use. You may add the Sheet Metal Design workbench to your Favorites, using the Tools -> Customize item. For more information, refer to the Infrastructure User's Guide.Entering the Workbench http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs00. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Defining the Sheet Metal Parameters This task shows you how to configure the sheet metal parameters. 1. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog b ox is displayed. 2. Enter 1mm in the Thickness field. 3. Enter 5mm in the Bend Radius field. 4. Select the Bend Extremities tab. 5. Select Tangent in the Bend Extremities combo list. An alternative is to select the bend type in the graphical combo list. Click OK to validate the parameters and close the dialog box.The Sheet Metal Parameters feature is added in the specification tree. 6. Defining the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs02. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] The other two tabs are not used in this scenario. Defining the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs02. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Creating the First Wall This task shows how to create the first wall of the Sheet Metal Part. 1. Click the Sketcher icon then select the xy plane. 2. Select the Profile icon . 3. Sketch the contour as shown below: Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world.The sketch remains selected. 4. Click the Wall icon . The Wall Definition dialog box opens. 5. Creating the First Wall http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs03. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] By default, the Material Side is set to the top. Click OK. The Wall. 1 feature is added in the specification tree 6. The first wall of the Sheet Metal Part is known as the Reference wall. Creating the First Wall http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs03. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:20 PM] Creating the Side Walls This task shows you how to add other walls to the Sheet Metal part. Click the Wall on Edge icon .The Wall On Edge Definition dialog box opens. 1. 2. Select the left edge. Enter 50mm in the Value field. The application previews the wall. 3. By default, the material side is such that it ensures a continuity with the reference profile. If needed, invert it using the Reverse side button, or clicking the arrow. 4. Click the Reverse Position button to Invert the sketch profile. Click OK. The wal l is created and the Wall On Edge. 1 feature is displayed in the specification tree: 5. Creating the Side Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] 6. Select the right edge.Click the Wall on Edge icon again. The Wall On Edge Definition dialog box opens with the parameters previously selected. 7. 8. Invert the sketch profile and click OK to validate. Click the Wall on Edge icon again. 9. Select the front edge. The Wall Definition dialog box opens with the parameters previously selected. 10. Enter 30mm in the Value field and 10mm in the Limit1 and Limit2 fields, then invert the sketch profile. 11. 12. Press OK to validate. Creating the Side Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] The final part looks like this: Creating the Side Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs04. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Creating a Cutout In this task, yo u will learn how to: open a sketch on an existing face define a contour in order to create a cutout. Select Wall On Edge. 2 from the geometry area to define the working plane. 1. 2. Click the Sketcher icon . 3. Click the Elongated Hole icon to create the contour. To access the oblong profile, click the black triangle on the Rectangle icon. It displays a secondary toolbar. Click to create the first point and drag the cursor. 4. Click to create the second point. The first semi-axis of the rofile is created. 5. Drag the cursor and click to create the third point. The second semi-axis is created and the oblong profile is displayed. 6. 7. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Creating a Cutout http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs05. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] 8. Select the Cutout icon . The Pocket Definition dialog box is displayed and a cutout is previewed with default parameters. 9. Set the Type to Up to last option to define the limit o f your cutout. This means that the application will limit the cutout onto the last possible face, that is the opposite wall. 0. Click OK. This is your cutout: Creating a Cutout http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs05. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Creating the Bends Automatically This task shows how to create the bends automatically. Click the Automatic Bends icon . The bends are created. 1. CATIA displays the bends creation in the specification tree: Automatic Bends. 1 The Sheet Metal part looks like this: Creating Automatic Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs06. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Unfolding the Sheet Metal Part This task shows how to unfold the part. 1.Click the Unfold icon . The part is unfolded according to the reference wall plane, as shown below. Note that the bend limits are displayed in the unfolded view. To refold the part, click the Unfold icon again. Unfolding the Part http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs07. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:21 PM] Extracting Drawings from the Sheet Metal Part This task shows how to create the Sheet Metal Part views in the Generative Drafting workbench. The Sheet Metal part is displayed. 1. Click or select File -; New†¦ 2. Select the Drawing type and click OK. The Generative Drafting workbench is launched.The New Drawing dialog box opens. 3. Click OK. For more information about this workbench, refer to Generative Drafting User's Guide. 4. The drawing sheet appears. 5. Tile the windows horizontally using the Window -> Tile Horizontally menu item. 6. Select the Unfolded View icon in the Projections toolbar from Generative Drafting Workbench. This icon is added to the Projections toolbar provided the Sheet Metal workbench is present. Choose the xy plane in the Sheet Metal specification tree. The unfolded view is displayed with the bends axes and limits. 7. Eventually, the Drafting sheet looks like this:Extracting Drawings http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/ SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs08. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Extracting Drawings http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheuggs08. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Basic Tasks The Basic Tasks section explains how to create and modify various kinds of features. Managing the Default Parameters Creating Walls Extruding Isolating Walls Creating Rolled Walls Creating Bends Creating Swept Walls Unfolding Creating a Cutout Stamping Patterning Corner Relief Creating Corners Creating Chamfers Mapping Elements Saving As DXF Reference Elements Basic Tasks ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0000. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Managing the Default Parameters This section explains and illustrates how to use or modify various kinds of features. The table below lists the information you will find. Using Sheet Metal Design assumes that you are in a CATPart document. Edit the parameters: select the Parameters tab et the wall thickness and bend radius values . Modify the bend extremities : select the Bend Extremities tab and choose a predefined bend type. Define the bend corner relief: select the Bend Corner Relief tab and choose a predefined corner relief type.Define the bend allowance: select the Bend Allowance tab and define the allowance value (K factor). Managing the Default Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0100. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Editing the Sheet and Tool Parameters This section explains how to change the different sheet metal parameters. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. 2. Change the Thickness if needed. 3. Change the Bend Radius if needed. Convention dictates that the inner angle between the two walls is used to define the bend. It can vary from 0 ° to 180 ° exclusive.This angle is constant and the bend axis is rectilinear. Press the Sheet Standards Files†¦ button to access to the company defined standards, if need be. For more information, refer to the Customizing section. 4. 5. Click OK to validate the Sheet Metal Parameters. When the Check all bend radius button is checked, and you click OK in the Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box, a list is displayed with all the bends the part that do not use the standard Bend Radius value as defined in step 3. Editing the Parameters http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0101. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Modifying the Bend ExtremitiesThis section explains how to change the bend extremities. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. 1. The second tab concerns the bend extremities. A combo box displays the six possible axial relimitations for the straight bend: These options can also be accessed through the pop-up button: Bend Extremities http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0103. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest o pposite edges of the supporting walls. Bend Extremities http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0103. tm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:22 PM] Minimum with no relief: the bend corresponds to the common area of the supporting walls along the bend axis. Square relief: a square relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if need be. Round relief: a round relief is added to the bend extremity. The L1 and L2 parameters can be modified if need be. Linear: the unfolded bend is split by two planes going through the corresponding limit points (obtained by projection of the bend axis onto the edges of the supporting walls). >Tangent: the edges of the bend are tangent to the edges of the supporting walls.Bend Corner Relief This section explains how to change the bend corner relief. Open the CornerRelief01. CAPTPart model from the samples directory. Within the Tools -> Options -> General -> Parameters -> Knowledge tab, check the Load Extended Langu age Libraries option. See Customizing Knowledgeware Applications. Click the Sheet Metal Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. The third tab concerns the bend corner relief. By default, no corner relief is created when a bend is created. Check the Automatic corner relief creation option to activate this creation every time a bend is created.Three corner relief types are available. Select the icon corresponding to the requested type: : square: the square corner relief is created using the bend limits. Its dimensions are defined by the width of the unfolded bends. : circular: its center is located at the intersection of the bend axes. For that option, a radius is proposed by default. It is equal to the bend radius + the thickness. To change it: Selecting Formula -> Deactivate from the contextual menu of the input field and enter a new value, clicking on the button and entering a new formula. Bend Corner Relief http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0104. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] : triangular: the triangular relief is created from the intersection point of the inner bend limits towards the intersection points of the outer bend limits with each wall. The corner relief is not previewed during its creation. The corner relief is taken into account in the unfolded view. For better result, you should select the Maximum Bend Extremities option when creating corner relief. These parameters are applied to each corner relief created or to be created, except to those with that have been redefined, or the locally defined corner relieves.Bend Corner Relief http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0104. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Defining the Bend Allowance This section explains the calculations related to folding/unfolding operations. Click the Parameters icon . 1. The Sheet Metal Parameters dialog box is displayed. The fourth tab concerns the bend allowance. When a bend is unfolded, the sh eet metal deformation is represented by the bend allowance V, defined by the formula: L = A + B + V where: L is the total unfolded length A and B the dimensioning lengths as defined on the figures below: bend < 90 ° bend > 90 °Bend Allowance http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0102. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Another way to compute the sheet metal deformation is the neutral fiber definition (K Factor): W = a * (R + k * T) where: W is the flat bend width R the inner bend radius T the sheet metal thickness a the inner bend angle in radians. If b is the opening bend angle in degrees: a = p * (180 – b) / 180 Physically, the neutral fiber represents the limit between the material compressed area inside the bend and the extended area outside the bend. Ideally, it is represented by an arc located inside the thickness and entered on the bend axis. Therefore the K Factor always has a value between 0 and 0. 5. When you define the sheet metal parameters , a literal feature defines the default K Factor, according to the DIN standard: K = (0. 65 + log(R / T) / 2) / 2 This formula can be deactivated or modified using Knowledge Advisor workbench. When a bend is created, the bend K Factor and the bend allowance literals are created. Two cases may then occur: If the Sheet Metal K Factor has an activated formula and uses the default bend radius as input parameter, the same formula is activated on the bend K Factor with the bend radius as input.Else the bend K Factor is a formula equal to the Sheet Metal K Factor. The bend allowance literal is equal to a formula representing the use of the bend K Factor. This formula is fairly complex and it is strongly recommended not to delete it. V = a * (R + k * T) – 2 * (R + T) * tan ( min(p/2,a) / 2) Though it is possible to deactivate the formula to enter a fixed value. Finally, the bend flat width is computed from the bend allowance value. The bend allowance can be locally redefined when cre ating bends from walls, generating bends automatically, Bend Allowance http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0102. tm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls This section explains and illustrates different methods to create walls. Create walls from an existing Part: click the icon, and select a face of a wall Create a wall from a sketch: use the sketcher to define the profile, and set the material side. Create a wall tangent to another one: select a profile coincident with an existing wall, and select the wall to which it should be tangent Create a wall from an edge: select a wall edge, set the height, limits, angle, then the sketch and material sides Creating walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0800. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls From an Existing Part This task illustrates how to create a Sheet Metal part using an existing Part, that is recognizing the thin part shapes of the Part as created using the Part Design workb ench or from a CATIA Version 4 Solid for example. Open the WallScenario1. CATPart document from the samples directory. The document contains a Part created in the Part Design workbench and it looks like this: 1. Click the Walls Recognition icon 2. Click any face to be the reference wall. The Walls Recognition Definition dialog box is displayed. 3.Choose the Wall creation mode: Part body recognition: the whole solid is processed and walls are created wherever possible Only selected faces: only explicitly selected faces of the solid are processed and the corresponding walls are created. The Reference wall is indicated in the Walls Recognition Definition dialog box for information only (it is grayed out). From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Select faces as the Compulsory walls. These are faces from which the walls are to be generated when there might be an ambiguity.For example, if the initial part is a box, you will need to select two opposite inner faces and outer faces on the other two sides of the box, in order to avoid overlapping when generating the walls. 4. 5. Set the Internal profiles recognition mode: As cut out wall: generates walls with inner contours (no cutout feature is generated) One cut out by wall: regardless of how many pockets there are on a face of the solid, only one cutout feature is generated per wall One cut out by profile: for each inner contour on the sketch-based solid, a cutout feature is generated None: whether there are pockets on the solid aces, or not, no cutout feature is created in the resulting SheetMetal features. The Generate Bends check button allows the automatic creation of bends as the walls are being created, wherever applicable. 6. Click Apply. The walls are generated from the Part Design geometry. The Walls Recognition. 1 feature is added to the tree view. At the same time, the Sheet Metal parameters are created, deduced from the Part geometry. Select the icon to display the sheet metal parameters: 7. the Thickness is equal to 1mm the Bend radius is twice the thickness value the Bend Extremities field is set to Square relief.From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] You can modify a few of these parameters The Thickness parameter cannot be modified because it is based, like the bend extremities and radius, on the initial solid geometry . However you can modify these parameters (bend radius and bend extremities) to be taken into account for sheet metal features other than the â€Å"recognized† ones. The bend allowance, being used to unfold the part, and the corner relief affect all features, and therefore can be edited even for â€Å"recognized† features. . Click OK in the Sheet Metal Parameters when all parameters have been redefined where needed. The solid is now a Sheet Metal part. All the features are displayed in th e specification tree. Once the solid has been converted to a Sheet Metal part, you can create bends as with any other Sheet Metal part, or modify/add Sheet Metal features to complete the design. Uncheck the Generate Bends button, if you do not wish bends to be created automatically. From an Existing Solid http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0201. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:23 PM] Creating Walls from a SketchThis task shows how to create a wall from a sketch. You must be in the Sheet Metal Workbench, with a . CATPart document open, and you must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. Set the sketcher grid to H = 100mm and V = 100mm, using the Tools -> Options, Mechanical Design -> Sketcher, Sketcher tab. 1. Click the Sketcher icon then select the xy plane. 2. Select the Profile icon . 3. Sketch the contour as shown below: 4. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Click the Wall icon . The Wall Definition dialog box opens. 5. By default, the M aterial Side is set to the top.From a Sketch http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Click OK. The Wall. 1 feature is added in the specification tree. 6. The first wall of the Sheet Metal Part is known as the Reference wall. Click the sketcher icon from the Wall Definition dialog box, if you wish to directly edit the selected sketch. When exiting the sketcher, you then go back to the wall creation step, without having to reactivate the Wall icon. This is also very useful if you have selected an edge from a wall and clicked the Wall icon . In this case, the sketcher is utomatically activated and the plane defined as being the selected edge's plane. You can then directly draw a sketch, then exit the sketcher and return to the wall creation step. From a Sketch http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] You can directly create a wall with a hole, by selecting a sketch with an inner contour (the contours must not intersect): Sketch with inner contour Resulting wall Note however, that the emptied area is part of the wall and is not a separate cutout that can be edited. From a Sketch ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0801. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Creating Tangent Walls This task shows how to create a wall tangent to a planar part of another wall or of a flange. This capability will then allow this tangent wall to be seen when unfolding the part, even though there is no bend linking it to its tangent support, provided this support is unfoldable too. Open the TangentWall1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select a face of an existing wall and click the Sketcher icon . Here we selected the flange's planar face. 1. 2.Select the Profile icon and sketch the contour as shown below: Using the Constraint Defined in Dialog box icon, set coincidence constraints between the edges where the support and sketch are to coinc ide. 3. 4. Click the Exit workbench icon to return to the 3D world. Make sure the sketch is still active, then click the Wall icon . 5. The Wall Definition dialog box opens. Tangent Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Note the orientation of the wall to be created. Click inside the Tangent to field, then select the wall to hich the new wall has to be tangent. 6. Here, you need to select the planar face of the flange. Note that the orientation automatically changes to conform to the material orientation already defined on the support wall. Click OK. The wall is created and a Wall. xxx feature is added in the specification tree. 7. Tangent Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] If you want to create the wall on a wall that cannot be unfolded, the system issues a warning and prevents you from creating the tangent wall. Tangent Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCX R8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0803. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:24 PM] Click the Unfold icon . The tangent wall is unfolded as a wall linked by a bend to another wall, would be. 8. Creating Walls From An Edge This task shows how to create walls from edges of an existing wall. This function is used to create a box in an easy and quick way from an existing reference wall. At least one wall must already exist. Open the Wall1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Click the Wall on Edge icon and select an edge of an existing wall. 1. The Wall On EdgeDefinition dialog box is displayed together with a preview of the wall. Define the type of wall to be created by specifying the Reference, that is: 2. the Height of the wall: that is the orthogonal projection from the top of the wall on edge to the reference wall. Select the icon to define the height of the wall from the bottom of the reference wall or the icon to define the height of the wall from the top of the reference wall . the Length of the wall: that is the absolute value of the wall on edge without bend. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. tm (1 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] the limits of the wall: LIM1 and LIM2. These texts only indicate on which side a given limit is. They are not precisely on the limit spots. The actual locations of the limits are defined with the icons and an input distance that is taken into account respectively from the inner side of an existing bend, the inner side of an existing wall or the outer side of an existing wall. the angle of the wall: by default it is perpendicular to the plane containing the edge. You may modify it according to your needs. it is updated dynamically on the screen. This preview gives information about: he Sketch Profile: by default, if you pick an edge on the top of the reference wall, the direction of the wall is upwards, if you pick an edge on the bottom of the reference wall the direction of the wall is do wnwards. Preview with top edge selected Preview with bottom edge selected You can invert the sketch's position, and therefore the wall's, using the Reverse Position button. Preview with bottom edge selected and sketch profile inverted From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (2 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] the material side: by default the aterial side is proposed so as to keep a continuity with the reference profile. However, you can change it by clicking the red arrow or the Reverse Side button. Check the Clearance option to offset the wall on edge from the selected edge. 3. The entered value is the radius of the bend on this edge. Wall on edge with clearance Wall on edge without clearance Note that the reference wall remains unchanged when changing the bend radius value. It is the Wall on Edge's length that is affected. You can also choose to create the wall with or without a bend by checking the With Bend option. 4.If there is no wall from which a limit can be computed, the reference element is the edge of the reference wall. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (3 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] A wall on edge is defined by the selected edge (reference edge). When the reference edge is modified, by adding any feature that shortens the edge (a bend to an adjacent wall on edge or a cutout for example) the wall on edge based on this reference edge is recomputed. To avoid this you may: create the bend manually on the wall modifying the edge used as the reference to create the other wall eorder the creation of walls to postpone the creation of the modifying feature Both limits are computed with the same reference icon. The bend is not previewed, even if the option With Bend is checked. However it will be created. The selected options are modal and will be proposed to create the next wall. Walls on edge being contextual features, if you break the profiles continuity by inverting the material side of a wall, you may have to manually re-specify all features based upon the modified one, even if they are not directly connected to the modified wall, in order to update the part afterwards.This is the case when creating a wall on edge from another wall on edge, for example: From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (4 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] If you invert the material side of the reference wall on which the first wall on edge has been created, both walls on edge are relocated (as if you were flipping the geometry): If you invert the material side of the first wall on edge (and not the material side of the reference wall), the second wall on edge is relocated. Indeed, its specification being relative to the first wall on edge, when its input data (i. e. he edge selected on the first wall on edge) is modified, the second wall on edge is rebuilt at a new location. 5. Click OK in the Wall On Edge Definition dialog box. A WallOnEd ge. x element is created in the specification tree. A WallOnEdge. x element can be edited: double-click it in the graphic area or in the specification tree to display its creation dialog box and modify the parameters described above, including the edge from which it is created. However, the sketch of a wall on edge cannot be edited directly. Would you need to edit the sketch of a wall on edge, you have to isolate it first. See Isolating Walls.You can cut or copy and paste a wall on edge. If you cut and paste a wall on edge with children elements, these children elements are lost. This may result in update errors. You cannot undo an Isolate action after having modified the wall. Isolating a wall on edge erases all updating data. From an Edge http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0802. htm (5 of 6) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Extruding This task explains how to create a wall by extrusion. You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. A model is available in the Extru de1. CATPart from the samples directory. 1. Click the Extrusion icon . 2.Select a sketch. The Extrusion Definition dialog box is displayed. Several types of extrusion are available: Dimension : the requested input data are a sketch and a dimension, Up to plane or Up to surface: a plane or a surface are input as limit to the extrusion. These functions are used to create walls that are not rectangular. 3. Edit the Length1 and Length2 to set both extremities, for option Dimension. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] 4. Define the options as needed: Check the option Mirrored extent to extent the material on both sides of the sketch.In that case, only Length1 can be edited. This option is only available if the type is set to Dimension. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Push Invert Material Side to invert the direction of the creation of the m aterial. 5. Click OK. The walls corresponding to the selected sketch are created according to the specified options, and added to the specification tree. When the extrusion is the first Sheet Metal feature of the Part, the reference wall is the first wall created based on the first segment of the sketch.For option Up to Surface, while the wall end that is limited by the surface has the shape of the surface, its thickness does not fit the surface. It is a â€Å"rectangular† polygon defined by the first edge that comes into contact with the surface. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Check Symmetrical thickness to create thickness inside and outside the sketch. Such an extrusion can also be performed on a sketch made of lines and arcs of circle, provided there are no tangency discontinuities between the different elements. However, in this ase, the Up to plane or Up to surface capabilities are not availab le, and you cannot isolate such an extrusion. Extrusion walls can be edited and/or isolated. The sketch may not be closed. Extruding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1100. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Isolating Walls This task explains how to isolate a wall. This is possible in two cases: 1. after having created walls by extrusion (see Extruding) 2. after having created a wall on edge (see Creating Walls from an Edge). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters. A model is available in the Extrude2. CATPart from the samples directory.Isolating Extruded Walls Right-click the Extrusion. 1 feature and choose the Extrusion. 1 object -; Isolate contextual menu item. 1. The Extrusion Isolate dialog box is displayed. Select one of the wall of the extrusion to be isolated. 2. The selected wall is highlighted in the geometry. This wall is the reference wall, meaning that it can be modified and the other walls will take the modification into account. On th e other hand if the other walls are modified the reference wall is an anchoring wall, and modifications will be made around it. The Extrusion Isolate dialog box is updated. 3. Click OK in the dialog box.The walls of the extrusion have been isolated, each with its own sketch. Yet coincidence constraints are automatically generated between the isolated walls. Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] The extrusion's initial sketch is retained (Sketch. 1 in the example above). Double-click the sketch of the reference wall (here Sketch. 3) and modify it by increasing its length. 4. Exit the Sketcher using the Exit icon . 5. The Part is updated. You can note that the wall that was adjacent to the pad, now lies on it, as it is the reference wall that was modified.Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] However, had you modified the sketch of t he wall lying on the pad (Sketch. 4), moving it further away from Wall. 2 as shown here to the right, the updated pad would not take the gap between the walls into account. The resulting part looks like this (Wall. 3 has been modified but still coincides with Wall. 2): Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] You can then edit its sketch if needed. In the present case, the wall on edge had been created with a end. Therefore when isolating this wall from the reference wall, the bend is created as a separate feature that can be edited as well. The angle value between the two walls is displayed for edition. You cannot undo an Isolate action after having modified the wall. Isolating a wall on edge erases all updating data. Isolating Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1701. htm (4 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:25 PM] Isolating Walls on Edge Right-click the wall on edge and choose the Wall On Edg e contextual menu item. 1. The wall on edge is then changed to a standard wall, as you can see from the specification tree.Creating Rolled Walls This task shows how to create rolled walls (such as pipes, open pipes with flange, etc. ). You must have defined the Sheet Metal parameters, and have a sketch available, in the form of an circular arc. The part is available in the Rolledwall1. CATPart from the samples directory. 1. Click the Extrusion icon . 2. Select the circular sketch. 3. Make sure the type is set to Dimension. Length 1 and Length 2 indicate the location of Limit 1 and Limit 2. 4. 5. Define the options as needed (the length being down to -50 mm): Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Check the option Mirrored extent to extend the material on both sides of the sketch. In that case, only Length1 can be edited. Check Symmetrical thickness to create thickness inside and outside the sketch. Push Invert Material Side to invert the direction of the creation of the material. Click OK in the dialog box to create the rolled wall: 6. Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] The rolled wall is a particular extrusion: he input sketch is either a circular arc or a closed circle, the creation type is always Dimension. The sketch may be open. In that case, you can define where the opening should be. The sketch may be closed. In that case, you have no control on the opening location. The only operations you can combine with a rolled wall in a Sheet Metal model are flanges and cutouts. No other elements (standard wall, bend,†¦ ) are allowed. Creating Rolled Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1000. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Creating Bends on WallsThis section explains and illustrates different methods to create bends on walls. Bends can only be created between walls , whether manually or automatically, and not between any other Sheet Metal features, such as stamps for example. Create bends from wall: select the two walls, set the bend radius value, the bend extremities, and specify the use of corner relief Generate bends automatically: select the part, then a reference wall Create conical bends: select the part, and choose a reference wall Create flat bends: select a sketch, set the creation mode and limiting option, set the radius and angle in relation to the selected sketch.Creating Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0210. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:26 PM] Manually Creating Bends from Walls This task explains two ways to create bends between walls in the Sheet Metal part. These bends can be created on non-connex walls, and with a constant radius value. Open the BendExtremities01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Bend icon . The Bend Definition dialog box opens. Note that the Radius field is in gr ay because it is driven by a formula: at that time, you cannot modify the value. Select Wall. 2 and Wall. 5 in the specification tree.The Bend Definition dialog box is updated. 2. Right-click the Radius field: the contextual menu appears. 3. Deactivate the formula: you can now change the value. 4. Enter 4mm for the Radius and click Preview. 5. The bend is previewed, along with its orientation symbolized by arrows. The Left and Right texts further indicate this orientation and are useful to define different bend extremities. Manually Creating Bends from Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] 6. Click the More button to display further options: You can define: he left and right extremity settings (see also extremities definition settings) the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Within the Left Extremity tab, choose the Mini with round relief bend extremity type, deactivate the L1 and L2 le ngth formulas, and set them to 6mm and 3mm respectively. 7. Click the Right Extremity tab, and choose the Curved shape type. 8. Click Preview to visualize the left and right extremities. 9. Click OK in the Bend Definition dialog box. 10. The Bend is created with the specified extremity types. Manually Creating Bends from Walls ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] The extremities and the corner relief defined with the current dialog box will apply locally and prevail over any other global definition. Be careful when creating bends with square or round relief. Depending on the geometry configuration, this can lead to removing more matter than you would expect. Indeed, a corner relief being computed on the whole intersection of the elements involved (bends or bend/wall), in the following configuration the matter is removed till the end of the wall.Bend with no relief Bend with square relief In this case, it is best to replace the bend corner relieves with cutouts (identified in red in the figure below) that will act as corner relieves removing matter to the part. Manually Creating Bends from Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0202. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Generating Bends Automatically This task explains how to automatically generate bends between walls in the Sheet Metal part. You can first create all the bends, then modify the parameters for any of the generated bends.However, when an ambiguity arises, that is when more than two bends end on the same vertex, the bends are not automatically generated. You then need to create them manually, so as to explicitly select the walls between which the bends are to be created. Open the BendExtremities01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Automatic Bends icon . The bends are created. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (1 of 4) [12/7/200 1 5:13:27 PM] Double-click the bend of interest: Bend. 4 The Bend Definition dialog box opens. 2. Right-click the Radius field: the contextual enu appears. 3. Deactivate the formula: you can now change the value. 4. Enter 4mm for the Radius and click Preview. 5. Bend. 4 is modified. 6. Click the More button to display further options: You can re-define: the left and right extremity settings (see also extremities definition settings) the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (2 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Within the Left Extremity tab, choose the Mini with round relief bend extremity type, deactivate the L1 and L2 length formulas, and set them o 6mm and 3mm respectively. 7. Click the Right Extremity tab, and choose the Curved shape type. 8. 9. Click OK in the Bend Definition dialog box. The bend is modified with the specified options The extremities and the corner relief defined with the current dialog box will apply locally and prevail over any other global definition. Push the more button to display; the extremities definition settings and the corner relief definition settings and the bend allowance settings. Generating Bends Automatically http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0206. htm (3 of 4) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Creating Conical BendsThis task explains how to generate conical bends between two walls in the Sheet Metal part. These bends are different from the standard bend in that they allow different radius values at each end of the bend. Open the ConicalBend1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Conic Bend icon . The Conic Bend Definition dialog box opens. 1. Select Wall. 1 and Wall. 2 in the specification tree or in the geometry. The Bend Definition dialog box is updated, and arrows are displayed indicating the walls orientation. 2. You can click on the arrow to invert them if needed. Th e LIM1 and LIM2 texts indicate the endpoints for the bend.Enter the radius values for each end of the conical bend. If the difference between the specified radius values does not allow the generation of a cone with an angle greater than 1 degree, a warning is issued prompting you to increase one of the radii. Click OK in the Warning dialog box, and increase/decrease the radius values. 3. Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] By default, Radius 2 is twice Radius 1. 4. Click More†¦ to display further options. 5. Choose the bend extremities: Mini with no relief: the shortest possible bend is created, and presents no reliefCurve shaped: the bend is created keeping the tangency continuity with the support walls. Maximum: the bend is calculated between the furthest opposite edges of the supporting walls. 6. Click OK. The Bend is created. The two walls must be connected by the edge of their internal faces. The Angle field is locked. It indicates the angle value between the two walls between which the bend is computed. Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Should you choose the Curve shaped extremity option, the bend would look like this:Conical Bends http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0204. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:27 PM] Creating Bends From a Line This task explains how to generate bends based on a line (also called flat bends) in the Sheet Metal part. A wall and a bend are created. Open the FlatBend1. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the reference wall then the Bend From Flat icon . 1. The Bend From Flat Definition dialog box opens. Select a sketch (Sketch. 3 here). This sketch must necessarily be a line. 2. 3. You can choose the line extrapolation option: he line is extrapolated up to the wall edge (Bend From Flat Until) the line is not extrapolated, and the bend is l imited to the line's length (Bend From Flat Length) Set the bend radius value. You may need to deactivate the formula using the Formula -; Deactivate contextual menu on the Radius field. 4. 5. Set the angle value between the generated wall and the reference wall. 6. Click OK to create the bend. Bends From Line http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0205. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] When creating such a bend on a reference wall (first wall), an arrow indicates which part is to be folded.Click this arrow to invert the side that will be bent. Such bends cannot be created, if the section to be folded already intersects the part. Bends from line should be performed on end walls, or prior to creating further walls on the bent one. Perform the bend before creating the stamping features, as stamps are not retained when the part is folded with the bend. Bends From Line http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0205. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating Swept Walls This section explains and illustrates how to create and use various kinds of swept walls, i. e. alls based on a given contour that is swept along a spine. Create a flange: select a spine, and set the radius, length, and angle values. Create a hem: select a spine, and set the radius, and length values. Create a tear drop: select a spine, and set the radius, and length values. Create a swept flange: select a spine, and a user-defined profile Redefine swept walls limits: choose the Relimited type, and select a point lying on the spine or a plane normal to the spine and intersecting it as limits Display swept walls axes in drafting sheets: open a CATDrawing document, click the Unfolded View icon, and select a planeSelecting the Spine Whatever the type of the swept wall you wish to create, you first need to select one or more contiguous edges to make up the spine along which the contour, either pre- or user-defined, is to be swept. You can: manually select one, or m ore, edge(s) Selection without propagation Resulting flange without propagation select one edge and click the Tangency Propagation button: all contiguous and tangent edges are selected. In this case, would you need to remove one edge, you need to manually select it. Remember that only extremity edges can be removed without breaking the continuity between edges.Creating Swept Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0600. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Selection with propagation Resulting flange with propagation Creating Swept Walls http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0600. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating a Flange This task explains how to generate a flange from a spine and a profile. Open the SweptWall01. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Select the Flange icon . The Flange Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edge as shown in red. Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheug bt0601. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Enter 2mm in the Radius field, 10mm in the Length field and 120 ° for the Angle. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4. In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the flange. Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0601. tm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the flange limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0601. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:28 PM] Creating a Hem This task explains how to generate a hem from a spine and a profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall02.CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Hem icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 1. The Hem Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edges as shown in red. Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Enter 2mm in the Radius field, and 3mm in the Length field. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4.In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the hem. Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish /sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the hem limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Hem http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0602. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Creating a Tear DropThis task explains how to generate a tear drop from a spine and a profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall03. CATPart document from the samples directory. Select the Tear Drop icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 1. The Tear Drop Definition dialog box opens. 2. Select the edge as shown in red. Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Enter 3mm in the Radius field, and 8mm in the Length field. 3. Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to ocally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4. In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click OK to create the tear drop. Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added to the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine).You can redefine the tear drop limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Tear Drop http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0603. htm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Creating a Swept Flange This task explains how to generate a swept flange from a spine and a user-defined profile. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall04. CATPart document from the samples directory. 1. Using the Sketcher , define a profile in the yz plane as shown below: Then quit the Sketcher, using the Exit iconSelect the Swept Flange icon in the Swept Walls sub-toolbar. 2. The User Defined Flange Definition dialog box opens. 3. Select the edge and the profile, as shown in red. Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. htm (1 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The dialog box looks like this: Click the More button to display the Bend Allowance tab allowing you to locally redefine the bend allowance settings. You may need to deactivate the formula using the contextual menu on the field and choosing Formula -; Deactivate before editing the value. 4.In this case, the new K Factor value overrides the value set in the Sheet Metal Parameters. 5. Click O K to create the swept flange. Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. htm (2 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] The feature is added in the specification tree. Use the Tangency Propagation button to select all tangentially contiguous edges forming the spine (see Selecting the Spine). You can redefine the tear drop limits by choosing the Relimited option (see Redefining Swept Walls Limits). Creating a Swept Flange http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0604. tm (3 of 3) [12/7/2001 5:13:29 PM] Redefining Swept Wall Limits This task explains how to redefine the spine's limits when creating any type of swept walls, using existing geometric elements: points lying on the spine or intersecting planes.. Open the SweptWall01. CATPart document. 1. Select the Flange icon . The Flange Definition dialog box opens. Using the combo list, choose the Relimited type. 2. The Flange Definition dialog box is updated and now displays two Limit fi elds. Select the spine. Here we select a single edge. See also Selecting the Spine. 3. Redefining Swept Walls Limits http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt0606. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Successively select the two limiting elements. Here we select a point lying on the spine as the first selecting element, and a plane intersecting the spine as the second limiting element. 4. Make sure intersecting elements are normal to the spine, and they intersect it only once. Specify the swept wall values. In the example of the flange you set the Radius, Length and Angle values. You may also click More >> to display further options. See Creating a Flange. 5. 6. Click OK. The swept wall is created within the limits on the spine. Redefining Swept Walls Limits ttp://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0606. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Displaying Swept Wall Axes This task explains how to generate an unfolded view of a part with swept wall in a drawin g sheet including the axes of planar hems, tear drops, and flanges are displayed within the drawing. The SweptWall01. CATPart document is still open from the previous task. If not, open the SweptWall05. CATPart document from the samples directory. Make sure that the Generate axis button is checked in the Tools -> Options -> Mechanical Design -> Drafting -> Generation tab, prior to generating a view in a .CATDrawing document. 1. Click or select File -> New†¦ 2. Select the Drawing type and click OK. 3. Click OK. For more information about this workbench, refer to Generative Drafting User's Guide. Displaying Swept Walls Axes http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0605. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] 4. The drawing sheet appears. Tile the windows horizontally using the Window -; Tile Horizontally menu item. 5. Select the Unfolded View icon in the Projections toolbar from Generative Drafting Workbench. 6. This icon is added to the Projections toolbar provided the Sheet Metal workbench is present.Choose the xy plane in the Sheet Metal specification tree. The unfolded view is displayed with the planar swept wall axes. 7. Displaying Swept Walls Axes http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt0605. htm (2 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Unfolding Unfolded Sheet Metal parts can be displayed in two ways: Folded/Unfolded View Access Concurrent Access Each Sheet Metal feature is created in a given view: folded, or unfolded. Editing a feature must be done in its definition view. If not, a message is automatically issued, prompting you to change views, before editing the feature. Unfolding http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. oc/src/sheugbt1200. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Folded/Unfolded View Access This task shows how to unfold the part. 1. Click the Unfold icon . The part is unfolded according to the reference wall plane, as shown below. 2. Click this icon again to refold the part for the next task. Bend limits and stamping are n ow displayed in the unfolded view. When designing in context, If a CATProduct document contains several SheetMetal parts, only one part can be visualized in the unfolded view at a time. Folded/Unfolded View Access http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1201. htm [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Concurrent AccessThis task explains how to display the Sheet Metal part in two windows: one with the folded view, one with the unfolded view. Any modification in one window is displayed in the other window. 1. Click the Multi-view icon . The part is unfolded in a second window. 2. Choose the Window -; Tile Horizontally menu item. Both windows are tiled. Activate the window in which you want to work. Concurrent Access http://arbredsy/FmoCXR8/SheEnglish/sheug. doc/src/sheugbt1202. htm (1 of 2) [12/7/2001 5:13:30 PM] Any modification in one view is taken into account in the other view enabling the user to make modifications in the best possible context.In the multi-view mode as in the st andard unfolded view, all constraints are displayed in the geometrical views. Once in the Multi-view mode, the standard icon Unfold is not longer available. The Multi-view function is not available from a standard unfolded view. Only parts with bends can be unfolded. Cutting faces and open faces are not displayed in Multi-view mode. Concurrent Access